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=encoding utf8
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=head1 NAME
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Mojolicious::Guides::Growing - Growing
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=head1 OVERVIEW
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This document explains the process of starting a L<Mojolicious::Lite>
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prototype from scratch and growing it into a well structured L<Mojolicious>
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application.
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=head1 CONCEPTS
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Essentials every L<Mojolicious> developer should know.
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=head2 Model View Controller
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MVC is a software architectural pattern for graphical user interface
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programming originating in Smalltalk-80, that separates application logic,
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presentation and input.
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           +------------+    +-------+    +------+
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  Input -> | Controller | -> | Model | -> | View | -> Output
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           +------------+    +-------+    +------+
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A slightly modified version of the pattern moving some application logic into
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the C<controller> is the foundation of pretty much every web framework these
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days, including L<Mojolicious>.
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              +----------------+     +-------+
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  Request  -> |                | <-> | Model |
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              |                |     +-------+
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              |   Controller   |
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              |                |     +-------+
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  Response <- |                | <-> | View  |
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              +----------------+     +-------+
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The C<controller> receives a request from a user, passes incoming data to the
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C<model> and retrieves data from it, which then gets turned into an actual
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response by the C<view>. But note that this pattern is just a guideline that
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most of the time results in cleaner more maintainable code, not a rule that
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should be followed at all costs.
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=head2 REpresentational State Transfer
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REST is a software architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems such
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as the web. While it can be applied to many protocols it is most commonly used
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with HTTP these days. In REST terms, when you are opening a URL like
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C<http://mojolicio.us/foo> with your browser, you are basically asking the web
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server for the HTML C<representation> of the C<http://mojolicio.us/foo>
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C<resource>.
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  +--------+                                +--------+
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  |        | -> http://mojolicio.us/foo  -> |        |
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  | Client |                                | Server |
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  |        | <- <html>Mojo rocks!</html> <- |        |
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  +--------+                                +--------+
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The fundamental idea here is that all resources are uniquely addressable with
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URLs and every resource can have different representations such as HTML, RSS
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or JSON. User interface concerns are separated from data storage concerns and
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all session state is kept client-side.
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  +---------+                        +------------+
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  |         | ->    PUT /foo      -> |            |
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  |         | ->    Hello world!  -> |            |
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  |         |                        |            |
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  |         | <-    201 CREATED   <- |            |
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  |         |                        |            |
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  |         | ->    GET /foo      -> |            |
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  | Browser |                        | Web Server |
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  |         | <-    200 OK        <- |            |
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  |         | <-    Hello world!  <- |            |
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  |         |                        |            |
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  |         | ->    DELETE /foo   -> |            |
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  |         |                        |            |
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  |         | <-    200 OK        <- |            |
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  +---------+                        +------------+
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While HTTP methods such as PUT, GET and DELETE are not directly part of REST
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they go very well with it and are commonly used to manipulate C<resources>.
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=head2 Sessions
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HTTP was designed as a stateless protocol, web servers don't know anything
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about previous requests, which makes user-friendly login systems very tricky.
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Sessions solve this problem by allowing web applications to keep stateful
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information across several HTTP requests.
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  GET /login?user=sri&pass=s3cret HTTP/1.1
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  Host: mojolicio.us
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  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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  Set-Cookie: sessionid=987654321
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  Content-Length: 10
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  Hello sri.
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  GET /protected HTTP/1.1
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  Host: mojolicio.us
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  Cookie: $Version=1; sessionid=987654321
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  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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  Set-Cookie: sessionid=987654321
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  Content-Length: 16
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  Hello again sri.
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Traditionally all session data was stored on the server-side and only session
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ids were exchanged between browser and web server in the form of cookies.
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  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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  Set-Cookie: session=hmac-sha1(base64(json($session)))
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In L<Mojolicious> however we are taking this concept one step further by
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storing everything C<JSON> serialized and C<Base64> encoded in C<HMAC-SHA1>
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signed cookies, which is more compatible with the REST philosophy and reduces
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infrastructure requirements.
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=head2 Test Driven Development
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TDD is a software development process where the developer starts writing
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failing test cases that define the desired functionality and then moves on to
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producing code that passes these tests. There are many advantages such as
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always having good test coverage and code being designed for testability,
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which will in turn often prevent future changes from breaking old code. Most
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of L<Mojolicious> was developed using TDD.
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=head1 PROTOTYPE
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One of the main differences between L<Mojolicious> and other web frameworks is
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that it also includes L<Mojolicious::Lite>, a micro web framework optimized
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for rapid prototyping.
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=head2 Differences
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You likely know the feeling, you've got a really cool idea and want to try it
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as quickly as possible, that's exactly why L<Mojolicious::Lite> applications
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don't need more than a single file.
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  myapp.pl   # Templates and even static files can be inlined
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Full L<Mojolicious> applications on the other hand are much closer to a well
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organized CPAN distribution to maximize maintainability.
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  myapp                      # Application directory
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  |- script                  # Script directory
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  |  +- myapp                # Application script
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  |- lib                     # Library directory
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  |  |- MyApp.pm             # Application class
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  |  +- MyApp                # Application namespace
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  |     +- Example.pm        # Controller class
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  |- t                       # Test directory
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  |  +- basic.t              # Random test
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  |- log                     # Log directory
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  |  +- development.log      # Development mode log file
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  |- public                  # Static file directory (served automatically)
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  |  +- index.html           # Static HTML file
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  +- templates               # Template directory
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     |- layouts              # Template directory for layouts
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     |  +- default.html.ep   # Layout template
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     +- example              # Template directory for "Example" controller
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        +- welcome.html.ep   # Template for "welcome" action
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Both application skeletons can be automatically generated.
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  $ mojo generate lite_app myapp.pl
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  $ mojo generate app MyApp
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=head2 Foundation
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We start our new application with a single executable Perl script.
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  $ mkdir myapp
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  $ cd myapp
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  $ touch myapp.pl
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  $ chmod 744 myapp.pl
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This will be the foundation for our login manager example application.
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  #!/usr/bin/env perl
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  use Mojolicious::Lite;
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  get '/' => sub {
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    my $self = shift;
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    $self->render(text => 'Hello world!');
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  };
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  app->start;
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The built-in development web server makes working on your application a lot of
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fun thanks to automatic reloading.
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  $ morbo myapp.pl
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  Server available at http://127.0.0.1:3000.
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Just save your changes and they will be automatically in effect the next time
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you refresh your browser.
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=head2 Model
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In L<Mojolicious> we consider web applications simple frontends for existing
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business logic, that means L<Mojolicious> is by design entirely L<model> layer
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agnostic and you just use whatever Perl modules you like most.
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  $ mkdir lib
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  $ touch lib/MyUsers.pm
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  $ chmod 644 lib/MyUsers.pm
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Our login manager will simply use a plain old Perl module abstracting away all
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logic related to matching usernames and passwords.
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  package MyUsers;
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  use strict;
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  use warnings;
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  my $USERS = {
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    sri    => 'secr3t',
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    marcus => 'lulz',
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    yko    => 'zeecaptain'
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  };
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  sub new { bless {}, shift }
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  sub check {
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    my ($self, $user, $pass) = @_;
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    # Success
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    return 1 if $USERS->{$user} && $USERS->{$user} eq $pass;
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    # Fail
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    return undef;
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  }
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  1;
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A simple helper can be registered with the function
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L<Mojolicious::Lite/"helper"> to make our C<model> available to all actions
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and templates.
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  #!/usr/bin/env perl
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  use Mojolicious::Lite;
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  use lib 'lib';
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  use MyUsers;
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  # Helper to lazy initialize and store our model object
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  helper users => sub { state $users = MyUsers->new };
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  # /?user=sri&pass=secr3t
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  any '/' => sub {
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    my $self = shift;
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    # Query parameters
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    my $user = $self->param('user') || '';
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    my $pass = $self->param('pass') || '';
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    # Check password
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    return $self->render(text => "Welcome $user.")
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      if $self->users->check($user, $pass);
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    # Failed
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    $self->render(text => 'Wrong username or password.');
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  };
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  app->start;
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The method L<Mojolicious::Controller/"param"> is used to access query
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parameters, POST parameters, file uploads and route placeholders, all at once.
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=head2 Testing
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In L<Mojolicious> we take test driven development very serious and try to
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promote it wherever we can.
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  $ mkdir t
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  $ touch t/login.t
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  $ chmod 644 t/login.t
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L<Test::Mojo> is a scriptable HTTP user agent designed specifically for
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testing, with many fun state of the art features such as CSS selectors based
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on L<Mojo::DOM>.
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  use Test::More;
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  use Test::Mojo;
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  # Include application
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  use FindBin;
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  require "$FindBin::Bin/../myapp.pl";
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  # Allow 302 redirect responses
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  my $t = Test::Mojo->new;
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  $t->ua->max_redirects(1);
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  # Test if the HTML login form exists
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  $t->get_ok('/')
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    ->status_is(200)
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    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
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    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
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    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');
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  # Test login with valid credentials
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  $t->post_ok('/' => form => {user => 'sri', pass => 'secr3t'})
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    ->status_is(200)->text_like('html body' => qr/Welcome sri/);
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  # Test accessing a protected page
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  $t->get_ok('/protected')->status_is(200)->text_like('a' => qr/Logout/);
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  # Test if HTML login form shows up again after logout
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  $t->get_ok('/logout')->status_is(200)
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    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
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    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
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    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');
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  done_testing();
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From now on you can always check your progress by running these unit tests
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against your application.
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  $ ./myapp.pl test
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  $ ./myapp.pl test t/login.t
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  $ ./myapp.pl test -v t/login.t
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Or perform quick requests right from the command line.
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  $ ./myapp.pl get /
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  Wrong username or password.
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  $ ./myapp.pl get -v '/?user=sri&pass=secr3t'
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  GET /?user=sri&pass=secr3t HTTP/1.1
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  User-Agent: Mojolicious (Perl)
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  Connection: keep-alive
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  Accept-Encoding: gzip
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  Content-Length: 0
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  Host: localhost:59472
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  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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  Connection: keep-alive
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  Date: Sun, 18 Jul 2010 13:09:58 GMT
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  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)
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  Content-Length: 12
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  Content-Type: text/plain
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  Welcome sri.
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=head2 State keeping
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Sessions in L<Mojolicious> pretty much just work out of the box once you start
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using the method L<Mojolicious::Controller/"session">, there is no setup
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required, but we suggest setting a more secure passphrase with
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L<Mojolicious/"secret">.
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  app->secret('Mojolicious rocks');
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This passphrase is used by the C<HMAC-SHA1> algorithm to make signed cookies
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secure and can be changed at any time to invalidate all existing sessions.
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  $self->session(user => 'sri');
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  my $user = $self->session('user');
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By default all sessions expire after one hour, for more control you can use
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the C<expiration> session value to set an expiration date in seconds from now.
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  $self->session(expiration => 3600);
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And the whole session can be deleted by using the C<expires> session value to
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set an absolute expiration date in the past.
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  $self->session(expires => 1);
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For data that should only be visible on the next request, like a confirmation
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message after a 302 redirect, you can use the flash, accessible through the
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method L<Mojolicious::Controller/"flash">.
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  $self->flash(message => 'Everything is fine.');
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  $self->redirect_to('goodbye');
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Just remember that all session data gets serialized with L<Mojo::JSON> and
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stored in C<HMAC-SHA1> signed cookies, which usually have a 4096 byte limit,
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depending on browser.
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=head2 Final prototype
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A final C<myapp.pl> prototype passing all of the unit tests above could look
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like this.
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  #!/usr/bin/env perl
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  use Mojolicious::Lite;
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  use lib 'lib';
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  use MyUsers;
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  # Make signed cookies secure
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  app->secret('Mojolicious rocks');
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  helper users => sub { state $users = MyUsers->new };
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  # Main login action
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  any '/' => sub {
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    my $self = shift;
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    # Query or POST parameters
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    my $user = $self->param('user') || '';
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    my $pass = $self->param('pass') || '';
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    # Check password and render "index.html.ep" if necessary
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    return $self->render unless $self->users->check($user, $pass);
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    # Store username in session
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    $self->session(user => $user);
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    # Store a friendly message for the next page in flash
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    $self->flash(message => 'Thanks for logging in.');
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    # Redirect to protected page with a 302 response
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    $self->redirect_to('protected');
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  } => 'index';
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  # Make sure user is logged in for actions in this group
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  group {
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    under sub {
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      my $self = shift;
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      # Redirect to main page with a 302 response if user is not logged in
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      return $self->session('user') || !$self->redirect_to('index');
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    };
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    # A protected page auto rendering "protected.html.ep"
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    get '/protected';
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  };
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  # Logout action
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  get '/logout' => sub {
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    my $self = shift;
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    # Expire and in turn clear session automatically
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    $self->session(expires => 1);
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    # Redirect to main page with a 302 response
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    $self->redirect_to('index');
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  };
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  app->start;
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  __DATA__
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  @@ index.html.ep
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  % layout 'default';
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  %= form_for index => begin
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    % if (param 'user') {
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      <b>Wrong name or password, please try again.</b><br>
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    % }
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    Name:<br>
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    %= text_field 'user'
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    <br>Password:<br>
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    %= password_field 'pass'
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    <br>
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    %= submit_button 'Login'
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  % end
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  @@ protected.html.ep
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  % layout 'default';
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  % if (my $msg = flash 'message') {
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    <b><%= $msg %></b><br>
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  % }
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  Welcome <%= session 'user' %>.<br>
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  %= link_to Logout => 'logout'
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  @@ layouts/default.html.ep
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  <!DOCTYPE html>
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  <html>
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    <head><title>Login Manager</title></head>
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    <body><%= content %></body>
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  </html>
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A list of all built-in helpers can be found in
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L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers> and L<Mojolicious::Plugin::TagHelpers>.
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=head1 WELL STRUCTURED APPLICATION
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Due to the flexibility of L<Mojolicious> there are many variations of the
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actual growing process, but this should give you a good overview of the
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possibilities.
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=head2 Inflating templates
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All templates and static files inlined in the C<DATA> section can be
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automatically turned into separate files in the C<templates> and C<public>
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directories.
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  $ ./myapp.pl inflate
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Those directories always get priority, so inflating can also be a great way to
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allow your users to customize their applications.
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=head2 Simplified application class
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This is the heart of every full L<Mojolicious> application and always gets
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instantiated during server startup.
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  $ touch lib/MyApp.pm
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  $ chmod 644 lib/MyApp.pm
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We will start by extracting all actions from C<myapp.pl> and turn them into
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simplified hybrid routes in the L<Mojolicious::Routes> router, none of the
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actual action code needs to be changed.
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  package MyApp;
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  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious';
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  use MyUsers;
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  sub startup {
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    my $self = shift;
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    $self->secret('Mojolicious rocks');
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    $self->helper(users => sub { state $users = MyUsers->new });
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    my $r = $self->routes;
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    $r->any('/' => sub {
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      my $self = shift;
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      my $user = $self->param('user') || '';
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      my $pass = $self->param('pass') || '';
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      return $self->render unless $self->users->check($user, $pass);
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      $self->session(user => $user);
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      $self->flash(message => 'Thanks for logging in.');
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      $self->redirect_to('protected');
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    } => 'index');
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    my $logged_in = $r->under(sub {
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      my $self = shift;
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      return $self->session('user') || !$self->redirect_to('index');
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    });
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    $logged_in->get('/protected');
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539
    $r->get('/logout' => sub {
540
      my $self = shift;
541
      $self->session(expires => 1);
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      $self->redirect_to('index');
543
    });
544
  }
545

            
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  1;
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548
The C<startup> method gets called right after instantiation and is the place
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where the whole application gets set up. Since full L<Mojolicious>
550
applications can use nested routes they have no need for C<group> blocks.
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=head2 Simplified application script
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C<myapp.pl> itself can now be turned into a simplified application script to
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allow running unit tests again.
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  #!/usr/bin/env perl
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  use strict;
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  use warnings;
561

            
562
  use lib 'lib';
563
  use Mojolicious::Commands;
564

            
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  # Start command line interface for application
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  Mojolicious::Commands->start_app('MyApp');
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568
=head2 Controller class
569

            
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Hybrid routes are a nice intermediate step, but to maximize maintainability it
571
makes sense to split our action code from its routing information.
572

            
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  $ mkdir lib/MyApp
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  $ touch lib/MyApp/Login.pm
575
  $ chmod 644 lib/MyApp/Login.pm
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577
Once again the actual action code does not change at all.
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579
  package MyApp::Login;
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  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Controller';
581

            
582
  sub index {
583
    my $self = shift;
584

            
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    my $user = $self->param('user') || '';
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    my $pass = $self->param('pass') || '';
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    return $self->render unless $self->users->check($user, $pass);
588

            
589
    $self->session(user => $user);
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    $self->flash(message => 'Thanks for logging in.');
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    $self->redirect_to('protected');
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  }
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  sub logged_in {
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    my $self = shift;
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    return $self->session('user') || !$self->redirect_to('index');
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  }
598

            
599
  sub logout {
600
    my $self = shift;
601
    $self->session(expires => 1);
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    $self->redirect_to('index');
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  }
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  1;
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All L<Mojolicious::Controller> controllers are plain old Perl classes and get
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instantiated on demand.
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=head2 Application class
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The application class C<lib/MyApp.pm> can now be reduced to model and routing
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information.
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  package MyApp;
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  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious';
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  use MyUsers;
619

            
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  sub startup {
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    my $self = shift;
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    $self->secret('Mojolicious rocks');
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    $self->helper(users => sub { state $users = MyUsers->new });
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626
    my $r = $self->routes;
627
    $r->any('/')->to('login#index')->name('index');
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    my $logged_in = $r->under->to('login#logged_in');
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    $logged_in->get('/protected')->to('login#protected');
630
    $r->get('/logout')->to('login#logout');
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  }
632

            
633
  1;
634

            
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L<Mojolicious::Routes> allows many route variations, choose whatever you like
636
most.
637

            
638
=head2 Templates
639

            
640
Templates are usually bound to controllers, so they need to be moved into the
641
appropriate directories.
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  $ mkdir templates/login
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  $ mv templates/index.html.ep templates/login/index.html.ep
645
  $ mv templates/protected.html.ep templates/login/protected.html.ep
646

            
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=head2 Script
648

            
649
Finally C<myapp.pl> can be replaced with a proper L<Mojolicious> script.
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651
  $ rm myapp.pl
652
  $ mkdir script
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  $ touch script/myapp
654
  $ chmod 744 script/myapp
655

            
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Only a few small details change, since installable scripts can't use L<lib>
657
without breaking updated dual-life modules.
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659
  #!/usr/bin/env perl
660

            
661
  use strict;
662
  use warnings;
663

            
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  use FindBin;
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  BEGIN { unshift @INC, "$FindBin::Bin/../lib" }
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  # Start command line interface for application
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  require Mojolicious::Commands;
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  Mojolicious::Commands->start_app('MyApp');
670

            
671
=head2 Simplified tests
672

            
673
Normal L<Mojolicious> applications are a little easier to test, so
674
C<t/login.t> can be simplified.
675

            
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  use Test::More;
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  use Test::Mojo;
678

            
679
  # Load application class
680
  my $t = Test::Mojo->new('MyApp');
681
  $t->ua->max_redirects(1);
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683
  $t->get_ok('/')
684
    ->status_is(200)
685
    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
686
    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
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    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');
688

            
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  $t->post_ok('/' => form => {user => 'sri', pass => 'secr3t'})
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    ->status_is(200)->text_like('html body' => qr/Welcome sri/);
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692
  $t->get_ok('/protected')->status_is(200)->text_like('a' => qr/Logout/);
693

            
694
  $t->get_ok('/logout')->status_is(200)
695
    ->element_exists('form input[name="user"]')
696
    ->element_exists('form input[name="pass"]')
697
    ->element_exists('form input[type="submit"]');
698

            
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  done_testing();
700

            
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Test driven development takes a little getting used to, but is very well worth
702
it!
703

            
704
=head1 MORE
705

            
706
You can continue with L<Mojolicious::Guides> now or take a look at the
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L<Mojolicious wiki|http://github.com/kraih/mojo/wiki>, which contains a lot
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more documentation and examples by many different authors.
709

            
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=head1 SUPPORT
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712
If you have any questions the documentation might not yet answer, don't
713
hesitate to ask on the
714
L<mailing-list|http://groups.google.com/group/mojolicious> or the official IRC
715
channel C<#mojo> on C<irc.perl.org>.
716

            
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=cut